Econ. It focused on changes in perception, confidence or attitude, but with no reference to the outcomes listed in the preceding. 68, 457468 (2013). Reardon, T. et al. Providing timely access to affordable credit also supports the adoption of modern technologies25,26, and platforms that facilitate interactions among stakeholders improve the performance of value chains27,28. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. with the farmers, a number of actors participated in the value chain of tomato from the production point to the consumer point. To obtain Nat. CAS contributed to the writing, evidence interpretation and link to the literature. Kizito, A. M. & Kato, E. Does linking farmers to markets work? Relevant information from each included study was extracted by at least one review author. J. Int. Finally, logistics service suppliers (in 44% of their interactions with farmers) and cooperatives (in 25% of their interactions as input provider) purchased output from farmers. Stud. Perspect. Value chain analysis of fish in Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. 49, 557585 (1997). Ansah, F. A., Asare, G. O. It explored the value added by each actor and assessed their profitability for the year 2021-2022. The importance of these actors has been recognized with a rapid increase in the number of studies on these intermediaries in the past decade. Thus, N=57. Wkly. Figure 2a presents the distribution of the included studies by publication type. However, this literature has largely focused on the contracting of farmers by value chain actors, and in particular the formal provision of resources within contract arrangements with large processors and supermarkets7,8,9,10. A case study in a peri-urban district of So Paulo. a The unit of analysis in this table is the outcome evaluated in a given study and by a given focal actor. If the responses were high and then low or low and then high, then this was a study of medium quality. Inputs were provided to farmers in 38% of links with these modern market channels. It focused on the effect of certification on welfare, including fair trade and organic certification, or on the relationship between certification and market channel access. World Dev. Indones. A scoping review identifies trends, concepts, theories, methods and knowledge gaps across a broad range of literature65, while highlighting key areas for future research and engagement66. Pap. was introduced by Porter in 1985. Food value chain linkages and household food security in Tanzania. Kumar, A., Shinoj, P. & Jee, S. Do dairy co-operatives enhance milk production, productivity and quality? They have the potential to expand small-scale producers access to knowledge and provide incentives to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Further research on gender-related issues and how SMEs in the midstream of value chains could increase farmer adoption of environmentally safe practices is needed to guide efforts to promote sustainable agricultural practices in line with SDG 2. Compared with traders and cooperatives, supermarkets are less likely to provide credit and inputs but not less likely to arrange for transportation of the product. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. N. Y. Acad. 1) is consistent with the rise of farmer aggregator services that supply farmers with inputs but also procure their outputs or link them with buyers13. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Sci. Focal actors are categorized on the basis of their transactional role as a supplier of farm inputs (for example, chemical fertilizer: IS1) or service (for example, warehouse rental: L1) or a buyer of farm output (OM1). J. Gend. World Dev. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics - value chain analysis of fruits: the case of mango and avocado producing smallholder farmers in gurage zone, ethiopia Development and Agricultural Economics Abbreviation: J. Dev. 50, 438457 (2014). Giessen, 2017). Correspondence to Econ. The operating cycle of each actor's business venture was considered when evaluating the profitability of their respective ventures. Private-sector platforms that serve as one-stop shops for farmers to secure inputs, training, credit and a guaranteed market are emerging in developing countries. Because so many of these observations are of buyers, the values for buyers alone are very similar (at 77%, 63% and 82% for primary, intermediary and secondary outcomes, respectively). S.Y. An analytical framework for understanding constraints to the increased competitiveness of industries and value chains has been developed, using a classical value chain methodology (innovation, vertical and horizontal linkages, end markets, enabling environment, potential for value addition at all stages of the chain). Madjidi, O. Agric. 13, 169181 (2018). PDF 3. Characteristics of automotive value chains - ESCAP Outcomes of the transactions for the farmer are determined by the terms and conditions of the transactional role plus any complementary services. These midstream enterprises serve as allies to governments in the provision of key rural services. However, they are similar to supermarkets and traders in the high likelihood of using purchase agreements (50%), which we also refer to as a primary market function (an OM1 activity) since it may be somewhat more consistent (guaranteed) than the spot market (Fig. Table 2 displays the outcome patterns by geographical location and product type. Then we analysed whether the outcomes of these economic relations were positive for small-scale producers, as well as what explained any positive or negative outcomes (Fig. Table 4 : Description of value chain actors and their roles 1st All Africa Post Harvest Congress & Exhibition 1013 (Univ. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Evidences from the Indo-Gangetic plain of India. Andersson, C. I., Chege, C. G., Rao, E. J. 42, 10291046 (2015). Quality as a driver of sustainable agricultural value chains: the case of the relationship coffee model. Their rise is important to small-scale producers because they are the farmers proximate interface with the market, through which farmers sell their products, receive logistics and intermediation services and buy farm inputs. 3). This is the first stage of the value chain. World Dev. This growth has created huge markets for farmers, along with employment in various supply-chain segments1,2, including food processors, wholesalers and logistics firms. Almost 31% of these interactions involved a purchase agreement, while transportation arrangements (OM2C) were made in 19% of these interactions. Based Healthc. Low trust coupled with an unstable market environment, as well as information asymmetry due to weak institutional arrangements, creates room for opportunistic behaviour by all parties42,43,44. 1, 110128 (2016). 2b). PDF Agricultural Value Chain Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, Ayala Wineman, Sarah Young, Justice Tambo,. Studies were included if they made a clear reference to a link or interaction between small-scale producers and the studys focal actors in terms of a physical and/or monetary exchange. refers to the various business activities and processes involved in creating a product or performing a service. Purchase agreements can involve farmers being included on a buyers lists or, less formally, repeated transactions between a farmer and an output market channel (Table 3). First, additional metadata tags were added to each study record using a machine-learning model, which facilitated an initial accelerated title-screening phase. More studies on livestock will be important to improve the likelihood of small-scale producers successful participation in value chains with sustainable agricultural practices1,13,14. While the advantages of a value chain financing approach are significant, financing by value chain participants is not a panacea. Specific challenges and constraints for women in agricultural value chains. Insight from an Empirical Work in Costa Rica (European Association of Agricultural Economists, 2007). Across product types, the share of focal actor cases where complementary services were provided is higher for links with livestock farmers compared with crop farmers (Extended Data Table 2). on the search process; coordinated the research process and paper writing; contributed to screening at all stages; contributed to the development of the data extraction framework, data extraction and data analysis; and led the writing. J. Int. Q. J. Econ. Our findings differ from the traditional tied creditoutput literature in that we find that credit provision is provided not only by traders but also by other value chain actors and is actually more likely to be provided by SME processors even in the absence of contracts. Abebe, G. K., Bijman, J. 3). Regulations, brokers, and interlinkages: the institutional organization of wholesale markets in India. The value chain stage identifies the various chain actors and their roles in the overall chain's operation. and G.S.A. Although many actors acknowledge the importance of collaboration, especially to keep up with developments in the sectors, they are . Minten, B., Vandeplas, A. Mojo, D., Fischer, C. & Degefa, T. The determinants and economic impacts of membership in coffee farmer cooperatives: recent evidence from rural Ethiopia. The automotive value chain can be characterized as an automaker-driven network. 51, 519533 (2020). & Tambo, J. T. Climate change adaptation among poultry farmers: evidence from Nigeria. Wkly 49, 98108 (2014). 25, 65005 (2016). Afr. These conditions can be grouped into three broad categories. The third includes repetition of transactions between a farmer and buyer. The low technical capacity of cooperatives and traders (the two major focal actors documented in the literature) limits their ability to support farmers6,35,36,37,38. We find that midstream and downstream enterprises, even when not in formal contract relations and even when they are SME firms, are generally helpful to small-scale producers. 13, 1131 (2017). Major value chain actors and their functions - ResearchGate Forum 32, 2538 (2008). 555 outcomes were evaluated in the 202 included studies. Oura, R. K. & Kouassi, F. N. G. The use of mobile phones as a panacea to facilitate quick food trade rollout between markets and countrysides: a study of Ayaou-Sran. Science 352, 943945 (2016). Extended Data Table 1 Types of assistance provided by input suppliers and logistics service providers. Included studies were coded to tabulate the focal actor linkage that was captured within the study. Criteria for inclusion were determined a priori and are provided in detail in a pre-registered protocol available on Open Science Framework68. We filtered for studies that consider supply-chain transactions by value chain actors involving small-scale producers (that is, non-credit input purchase, logistics service purchase and output sales by farmers to/from value chain actors) that are not governed by formal contracts. Rev. This closely aligns with the finding that focal actors provision of complementary services was instrumental for their successful interaction with farmers. If the responses to the two previous questions were both high, then it received a high assessment overall. Moreover, a lack of trust between cooperative members and their leadership could result in failure to deliver on agreements28,45,46,47,48. Additional studies were included through consultation with experts in this field of research and on the basis of the authors previous knowledge. PDF Study on commitments pledged under the EU Code of Conduct on Results from the study areas indicated that the fish transferring process from producers to consumer involves different actors, which include Bepari, rural Paikar, Aratdar, urban Paikar, and retailer. 1331, 106118 (2014). Econ. tend to go to the male head of household and male value chain actors tend to enjoy greater profits than their female counterparts. Behind the scenes of a learning agri-food value chain: lessons from Int. While 77% of the included studies focused on crop production, just 18% focused on livestock production (with the remaining studies having a dual focus). Among crops, it is higher for staple-crop farmers (88%) than for farmers of high-value crops (83%). List of included studies and key characteristics. Main actors and their roles: Those actors who directly deal with the products or services. 68 Mapping of beef cattle value chain actors in selected states of North- West Zone, Nigeria 1Rekwot ,G. Z .2Abdulsalam, Z., 1R. Afr. The concept was conceived by Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter in . They may be positioned . crafts, fine arts). Disbursement/Repayment of Loans: Value chain actors may play a direct role in loan transactions. In addition to easing the provision of complementary services, access to transportation (road infrastructure) enables farmers to gain better price terms from both informal and formal market channels29,30, and cold storage infrastructure, which reduces food wastage, has been found to increase producers sales and generate higher prices in the off season17,31,32. Padilla, S., Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O. This indicates that the final welfare effect of farmers interactions with market channels is a gap in the literature. Importantly, we did not include credit as an input here. The primary outcome (increased income or lower poverty or food security) can arise through adopting a new practice or technology (secondary outcome) that increases yields or attracts a higher price (intermediary outcome). This yielded 241 linkages or focal actor cases. Nairobi, 2017). Of the 241 linkages, 204 were output buyers and 37 were input suppliers or logistics providers. Syst. J.T. a,b, Studies can be classified either by type of publication (a) or by product category (b). Food Secur. J. Punjab Stud. contributed to screening at all stages, contributed to the development of the data extraction template and to data extraction, led the data cleaning and analysis and contributed to the writing. Table 1 disaggregates the kinds of services (beyond purchasing) provided by output market channels. Resour. Econ. Thiele, G. et al. 49, 98108 (2014). Among crop farmers, the particular type of assistance varies between interactions dealing with high-value crops compared with staple crops. In addition, we noted whether a study addressed issues of climate change, environmental sustainability or gender. Contrary to the articulated focus by policymakers and governments on gender equality and environmental sustainability, we find extremely limited emphasis on these issues in the literature. Among all outcomes assessed in these studies, the study focal actors produced a positive outcome for farmers in 77% of the cases (Extended Data Table 3). We recognize this as a limitation and encourage the inclusion of this literature in future iterations on this work. Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. We need to transform their roles . This might reflect more funding opportunities and/or the prevalence of small-scale agriculture in Africa. Strategy Environ. Context 1 . Unlike a typical narrative review, a scoping review strives to capture all of the literature on a given topic and reduce authorial bias. Med. Food Policy 59, 165173 (2016). Campbell Syst. Walgreens is closing 450 locations | CNN Business 69, 239247 (2014). This table presents the distribution of services provided for input suppliers and logistics providers only; thus, N=37. Cite Get access to 30 million. (PDF) Moringa Value Chain: Mapping the Linkage between Actors Introduction. Given the study findings of abundant midstream enterprise activity that is generally supportive of small-scale producers, we question whether governments need to directly provide these services. & Royer, A. This is probably because we excluded formal contract arrangements, typically conducted by larger enterprises. Journal impact factors for studies published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics). There were 118 mentions; thus, N=118. 1). We refer to these logistics services (such as transport) as OM2C in Fig. PDF as a set of roles that foster soft infrastructure development to build sculptors, writers, design companies) and the making of one-off production (e.g. To achieve competitive advantage, an organization ultimately delivers more value at an equal or lower cost. 4, 441453 (2012). Tricco, A. C. et al. Reardon, T.) 146165 (AGRA, 2019). There has been a dramatic increase in research interest in the relationship between small-scale producers and our focal actors in the past ten years. This can support the diffusion of these technologies to safeguard food security, both now and in the future. Introduction 1.1. J. Agric. This review confirms that that there has been a rapid development of the midstream and downstream actors in output value chainsprocessors, traders and cooperativesthat buy crops and livestock products from small-scale producers. and N.G. 94, 891912 (2012). Dev. Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Wineman, A., Young, S. et al. A total of 130 farm households, 30 traders, 2 bakers, 1 processor, 4 cooperatives and 10 consumers were used to collect the data. Urbanization has soared, diets have diversified and food supply chains have expanded. However, buyers market power can substantially reduce the benefits farmers derive from interactions with them, as they can transfer demand shocks to remote farmers with few market options63,64. led the search process and contributed to the title and abstract screening. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Sci. Chagwiza, C., Muradian, R. & Ruben, R. Cooperative membership and dairy performance among smallholders in Ethiopia. The observation level is the included study; thus, N=202. Ideas https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/aaea15/205650.html (2015). Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. . Another main finding of this scoping review is that a majority of the recorded interactions between small-scale producers and value chain actors are positive. 172, 4759 (2019). Practical implications Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Interacting with value chain actors during work hours. 22, 7093 (2015). Food Secur. Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. & OBrien, K. K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. A.W. This demonstrates a mismatch between rhetoric and reality in policy debates (which highlight gender mainstreaming and sustainability) and development research. The extracted data were summarized on the basis of emerging themes and with the aim of providing recommendations to donors and policymakers. This is because, common to many capital and technology intensive industries, automobile production systems are, to a great extent, controlled by the automakers (ESCAP, 2009). Across all studies, 33% are of settings in Asia, 49% in Africa and 21% in Latin America. 1. Agric. Rural Stud. A scoping review of market links between value chain actors - Nature Dev. 54, 5667 (2014). Syst. Based on the role they played value chain actors can be grouped under three levels in the study areas. The Effects of Feed Costs and Increased Energy Needs on Broiler Farm Productivity: A Dynamic Programming Approach Research Paper 130 (Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy, 2019). Value chain analysis is the method for determining the critical path to enhance customer value while reducing costs.